7_Solana的Token

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Solana的Token

https://solana.com/docs/core/tokens

关键点

  • Token代表了同质化和非同质化的资产的所有权
  • Token Program 包含了所有与token交互所需要的指令
  • Token Extensions Program 是新版程序，包含了额外的特性
  • Mint Account: 代表了一个唯一的代币
  • Token Account:
    • A Token Account tracks individual ownership of tokens for a specific mint account.
  • Associated Token Account (ATA): 由 owner地址 和 Mint Account地址派生出来的 Token Account
    • An Associated Token Account(ATA) is a Token Account created with an address derived from the owner’s and mint account’s addresses.

注意区别：Token Account 和 ATA

  • Token Account 是更加通用的，可以随机生成(由客户端生成)

  • ATA 是通过确定性算法生成出来的, 标准化的

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    ATA = PDA(
        [
            owner_address,
            token_program_id,
            mint_address
        ],
        associated_token_program_id
    )

  • 问题： SPL Token的接收账户必须是ATA吗？

    • 答： 不是不是必须，用户可以自定义seeds和bump生成 Token Account

Token Program

  • InitializeMint: 发行代币
    • Create a new mint account to represent a new type of token.
  • InitializeAccount: 创建ATA账号
    • Create a new token account to hold units of a specific type of token (mint).
  • MintTo: 增发代币。
    • Create new units of a specific type of token and add them to a token account. This increases the supply of the token and can only be done by the mint authority of the mint account.
  • Transfer: 转移Token
    • Transfer units of a specific type of token from one token account to another.

Mint Account

  • Supply: token 的总发行量
  • Decimals: 精度
  • Mint authority: 持有增发token权限账户, 可以增发token
  • Freeze authority: 持有冻结转移的账户, 即将某个用户账户”拉黑”
    • The account authorized to freeze tokens from being transferred from “token accounts”

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pub struct Mint {
    /// Optional authority used to mint new tokens. The mint authority may only
    /// be provided during mint creation. If no mint authority is present
    /// then the mint has a fixed supply and no further tokens may be
    /// minted.
    pub mint_authority: COption<Pubkey>,
    /// Total supply of tokens.
    pub supply: u64,
    /// Number of base 10 digits to the right of the decimal place.
    pub decimals: u8,
    /// Is `true` if this structure has been initialized
    pub is_initialized: bool,
    /// Optional authority to freeze token accounts.
    pub freeze_authority: COption<Pubkey>,
}

例如 USDC的Mint Account : https://explorer.solana.com/address/EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v

Token Account

  • Mint: 执行特定的Mint Account
    • The type of token the Token Account holds units of
  • Owner: The account authorized to transfer tokens out of the Token Account
    • 该Token Account 的所有者，有权转移该Token Account上的token
    • 注意： AccountInfo中owner 和 AccountInfo Data中的owner 是不同的，前者是Program的owner（即Token Program地址, 所有Token Account的owner都是 Token Program）, 后者是 Token Account的所有者(即用户的钱包地址)

      原文： Note that each Token Account’s data includes an owner field used to identify who has authority over that specific Token Account. This is separate from the program owner specified in the AccountInfo, which is the Token Program for all Token Accounts.

  • Amount: Units of the token the Token Account currently holds
    • 余额
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pub struct Account {
    /// The mint associated with this account
    pub mint: Pubkey,
    /// The owner of this account.
    pub owner: Pubkey,
    /// The amount of tokens this account holds.
    pub amount: u64,
    /// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents
    /// the amount authorized by the delegate
    pub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,
    /// The account's state
    pub state: AccountState,
    /// If is_native.is_some, this is a native token, and the value logs the
    /// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so
    /// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL
    /// accounts do not drop below this threshold.
    pub is_native: COption<u64>,
    /// The amount delegated
    pub delegated_amount: u64,
    /// Optional authority to close the account.
    pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,
}

Associated Token Account

https://solana.com/docs/core/tokens#associated-token-account

  • Associated Token Account (ATA) 是一个 Token Account, 这个token account的地址是确定的，通过 owner的地址 和 Mint Account的地址一起生成出来的。你可以认为ATA就是每个用户的默认Token Account

    原文：An Associated Token Account is a token account whose address is deterministically derived using the owner’s address and the mint account’s address. You can think of the Associated Token Account as the “default” token account for a specific mint and owner.

获取 ATA

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import { getAssociatedTokenAddressSync } from "@solana/spl-token";

const associatedTokenAccountAddress = getAssociatedTokenAddressSync(
  USDC_MINT_ADDRESS,
  OWNER_ADDRESS,
);

或者，通过PDA的方式生成 ATA

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import { PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";

const [PDA, bump] = PublicKey.findProgramAddressSync(
  [
    OWNER_ADDRESS.toBuffer(),
    TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID.toBuffer(),
    USDC_MINT_ADDRESS.toBuffer(),
  ],
  ASSOCIATED_TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
);

对于每个代币(即Mint Account), 每个钱包账户都有一个自己的 Token Account(也可以叫ATA)， 如下图：

创建Token Metadata

需要使用Token Extensions Program

https://solana.com/docs/core/tokens#create-token-metadata

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spl-token create-token --program-id TokenzQdBNbLqP5VEhdkAS6EPFLC1PHnBqCXEpPxuEb
--enable-metadata
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pub struct TokenMetadata {
    /// The authority that can sign to update the metadata
    pub update_authority: OptionalNonZeroPubkey,
    /// The associated mint, used to counter spoofing to be sure that metadata
    /// belongs to a particular mint
    pub mint: Pubkey,
    /// The longer name of the token
    pub name: String,
    /// The shortened symbol for the token
    pub symbol: String,
    /// The URI pointing to richer metadata
    pub uri: String,
    /// Any additional metadata about the token as key-value pairs. The program
    /// must avoid storing the same key twice.
    pub additional_metadata: Vec<(String, String)>,
}

更多细节：https://solana.com/developers/guides/token-extensions/metadata-pointer

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